Answer:
Areola reconstruction:
Upper inner thigh graft.
Retroauricular graft.
Nonspecific tissue grafting with tattoo: usually from lateral portion of mastectomy scar.
Tattoo alone.
Nipple reconstruction:
Opposite nipple: only used when donor nipple needs to be reduced. Can use distal portion or one side of nipple.
Skate flap: an areolar circle is drawn and the upper one-third is de-epithelialized. Underlying subcutaneous tissue is lifted up to create the base.
Mushroom flap: concentric circles are marked on the areola and V-shaped pieces of skin are excised on the periphery and the center circle is elevated to become the nipple.
Tattooing: After selection and mixture of pigments, needle of the tattoo gun is dipped in the pigment and applied in a radial and circular pattern until the areolar circle is uniformly filled in. A slightly darker pigment is then used for the nipple