Answer:
Radical neck dissection: the classic procedure described by Crile in 1906; consists of cervical dissection with removal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, omohyoid muscle, internal jugular vein, spinal accessory nerve, cervical plexus nerves, submandibular salivary gland, tail of the parotid gland, and all the intervening nodal tissue (levels I thru VI); outcome is comparable to functional neck dissection (see below).
Functional (modified or conservative) neck dissection: removes all the same nodal tissue, but spares the spinal accessory nerve and usually the cervical roots, the sternocleidomastoid and the internal jugular vein.
Selective neck dissection: removes the cervical lymph nodes considered to be at high risk for metastasis from a given primary site; generally performed on elective basis, although some patients with early (N1) nodal disease may be treated with selective neck dissection.
Supraomohyoid neck dissection: an example of a selective neck dissection in which the contents of the submandibular triangle, jugulodigastric, and mid-jugular lymph nodes together with nodes from the posterior triangle along the accessory chain are removed; a staging procedure in a clinically negative neck with a suspicion of metastasis rather than a therapeutic procedure; if the jugular nodes are negative, involvement of the accessory group is unlikely.
Suprahyoid neck dissection: submandibular triangle including the submandibular gland and adjacent lymph nodes as well as submental and facial vessel lymph nodes are removed.
Neck incisions: Lahey (1940), Martin (1951), Slaughter (1955), Schobinger (1957), Conley (1966), MacFee (1960), Ariyan (1980). The “Y” incisions provide excellent exposure but necrosis of the tips may result and expose the vascular structures. The bipedicled MacFee has a better blood supply but more tedious exposure. The hockey stick incision (Ariyan) is performed from mastoid to shoulder, behind the anterior border of the trapezius muscle and extending medially below the clavicle. The apron flap extends from mastoid to mastoid passing along the posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid to the midline, 2-3 fingerbreadths above the sternal notch.